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<title>Democracy Reporting International</title>
<link>www.democracy-reporting.org</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 27, March 2012 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 27, March 2012	Systems of Government: Semi-Presidential Models
Briefing Paper 27, March 2012 PDF (123 kB)
Arabic PDF (334 kB)

This paper examines the Semi-Presidential System of Government, its components, distribution of powers and functioning, and provides an overview of pros and cons for its adoption. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-27-march-2012.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 26, February 2012 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 26, February 2012	Egypt:
Assessment of the Legal Framework for Presidential Elections
English PDF (405 kB)
Arabic PDF (498 kB)
Law Regulating the Presidential Elections PDF (271 kB)

This paper analyses the recently adopted presidential election law, drawing on internationally agreed election standards as set out in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) to which Egypt is a party. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-26-february-2012.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 20/Egypt, February 2012 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 20/Egypt, February 2012	Lessons Learned from Constitution-Making:
Processes with Broad Based Public Participation
English PDF (433 kB)
Arabic PDF (527 kB)

This paper provides an overview of lessons learned from past constitution-making processes with civil society participation and includes recommendations to the Constituent Assembly, civil society organisations and the media in Egypt. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-20egypt-february-2012.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 25, February 2012 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 25, February 2012	Egypt&amp;#8217;s Transition:
Prospects for Constitutional Reforms
English PDF (281 kB)
Arabic PDF (439 kB)

This briefing paper examines the different constitutional scenarios, currently under discussion in Egypt. It argues that while there are understandable reasons for a &ldquo;quick-fix&rdquo; constitutional reform, such a &ldquo;quick-fix&rdquo; would be a missed opportunity for deep reforms. In line with this argument, it indicates options on how to combine a quick reform process to prepare for presidential elections with more long-term constitutional reforms. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-25-february-2012.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 23, December 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 23, December 2011	Out-of-Country Voting: Principles and Practices
Briefing Paper 23 PDF (281 kB)

This paper argues that out-of-country voting can be an important measure of expanding suffrage, but that it needs to meet international standards for elections, such as transparency and secrecy. Therefore, before introducing voting from abroad, the technical arrangements and their implications must be carefully assessed and consulted with all relevant stakeholders. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/pakistan/briefing-paper-23-december-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Amended laws Arab Republic of Egypt, 28 December 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Amended laws Arab Republic of Egypt, 28 December 2011	Law on the People&rsquo;s Assembly (November 2011)
Law Concerning the Formation of the Shura Council and its Amendments (February 2012)
Law on the Exercise of Political Rights (February 2012)
Law on the People's Assembly PDF (243 kB)
Law Concerning the Formation of the Shura Council and its Amendments PDF (321 kB)
Law on the Exercise of Political Rights PDF (446 kB)


	Law No. 38/1972 on The People&rsquo;s Assembly including amendments up to October 2011: This translation has been prepared by Democracy Reporting International (DRI). It draws, partially, on existing publicly available translations of the law.

	Law No. 120/1980 Concerning ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/amended-laws-arab-republic-of-egypt-28-december-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 21, December 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 21, December 2011	Independence and Accountability-The Election Commission of Pakistan
Briefing Paper 21- Independence and Accountability- The Election Commission of Pakistan PDF (275 kB)

The paper focuses on the issue of balancing ECP independence&mdash;including the ability to regulate, security of tenure, control over staffing and a guaranteed budget&mdash;with accountability mechanisms, such as reporting requirements. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/pakistan/briefing-paper-21-december-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 19, November 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 19, November 2011	Promoting Consensus:
Constitution-Making in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya
English PDF (486 kB)

The paper argues that the three most progressed transitions &ndash; in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya &ndash; suffer from a lack of attention to different forms of majority decision-making. It appears that most policymakers in the region equate democracy with simple majority rule, while in constitution-making supermajorities are regularly employed. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-19-november-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 18, November 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 18, November 2011	Egypt&amp;#8217;s Elections:
Greater Transparency to Strengthen Confidence
English PDF (378 kB)
Arabic PDF (848 kB)

Briefing Paper 18 called on Egypt&rsquo;s election commission to increase the level of transparency of the elections, by providing more information on its policies and by consulting more before making decisions. Transparency increases trust and public acceptance of an election. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-18-november-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Report, 28 October 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Report, 28 October 2011	Democracy Delayed: Obstacles in Political Transition
English PDF (502 kB)
Arabic PDF (1 MB)

This collection of articles, compiled by Democracy
Reporting International (DRI) and Prague-based Institute for
European Policy EUROPEUM, presents case studies which recall the difficulties, pitfalls and political missteps which jeopardised democratic transitions in several countries and even caused some of them to fail. It complements a report issued earlier in 2011 by DRI and the Portuguese Institute for International Relations which examined &lsquo;successful&rsquo; transitions to democracy in Europe from the 1970s until 1991. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/report-28-october-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Report, 27 October 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Report, 27 October 2011	International Consensus: Essential Elements of Democracy
English PDF (145 kB)
Fran&ccedil;ais PDF (424 kB)
Arabic PDF (624 kB)

Democracy is not an anything goes form of government. Various internationally agreed documents include an outline of the core components of what democracy means. A range of them are &lsquo;hard&rsquo; legally binding international law. Others may be considered soft law. While these documents do not give an exhaustive definition of democracy, they include basic key elements, each of which is a necessary condition for a democratic form of governance. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/report-27-october-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Report Part II, August 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Report Part II, August 2011	Comprehensive Assessment of Egypt&amp;#8217;s Electoral Framework Part II
English PDF (486 kB)

This report supplements DRI's Comprehensive Assessment of the Electoral Framework issued in July. It analyses amendments to three laws adopted in late July, notably some possible consequences of Egypt's new election system. The report shows that while some progress has been made to addresslong-standing flaws in Egypt&rsquo;s electoral framework, there are still many issues to be resolved. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/report-part-ii-august-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 15, July 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 15, July 2011	No Voice: The Exclusion of Women from Voting
Briefing Paper 15: No voice: The Exclusion of Women from Voting PDF (267 kB)

Briefing Paper 15 discusses the exclusion of women from the voting process.  It includes recommendations for more effective enforcement of the existing legal framework and for strengthening the legal framework to facilitate the participation of female voters. It encourages relevant institutions and stakeholders, including the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) and political parties, to proactively and consistently facilitate women&rsquo;s inclusion in voting. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/pakistan/briefing-paper-15-july-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Report, 11 July 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Report, 11 July 2011	Comprehensive Assessment of Egypt&rsquo;s Electoral Framework
English PDF (408 kB)

This report complements the briefing paper by providing a detailed examination of the technical aspects of the electoral law reforms that have taken place in Egypt since February 2011. The report shows that some progress has been made to address long-standing flaws in Egypt&rsquo;s electoral framework, but also points out that there are still many issues  to be resolved, including a number of provisions that are ambiguous and in need of clarification. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/report-11-july-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 14, 11 July 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 14, 11 July 2011	The Road to Elections in Egypt: Electoral Reforms since February 2011
English PDF (240 kB)

This briefing paper examines progress made in reforming the political-electoral legal system in Egypt following the ouster of Hosni Mubarak on 12 February 2011. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/briefing-paper-14-11-july-2011.html</link>
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<title><![CDATA[Workshop Report Religion-State Relations in New Egypt ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Workshop Report Religion-State Relations in New Egypt	Report on the Workshop on State-Religion Relations in New Egypt, June 2011
English PDF (530 kB) ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/egypt/workshop-report-religion-state-relations-in-new-egypt.html</link>
</item>
<item>
<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 13: Morocco ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[ ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/morocco/briefing-paper-13-morocco.html</link>
</item>
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<title><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 12, May 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Briefing Paper 12, May 2011	Electoral Law Reform Processes: Key Elements for Success
English PDF (263 kB)

A country&rsquo;s electoral laws affect the &lsquo;rules of the game&rsquo; in a democracy. It is therefore vital that the process of developing election legislation receives careful and considered attention. This paper describes a number of technical requirements that should be fulfilled to make the process effective and efficient. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/pakistan/briefing-paper-12-may-2011.html</link>
</item>
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<title><![CDATA[Report, May 2011 ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[Report, May 2011	Balochistan Local Election Framework Assessment
Balochistan Local Election Framework Assessment PDF (296 kB)

Balochistan was the first province to enact a law for the restoration of self governance in Pakistan. DRI has analysed the law and identified areas where further reform is needed. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/pakistan/report-may-2011.html</link>
</item>
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<title><![CDATA[ESG Key Principles ]]></title>
<description><![CDATA[ESG Key Principles	Key Principles for Local Government Elections
Key Principles for Local Government Elections PDF (136 kB)

In the process of reforming the electoral arrangements for local government bodies in all four provinces of Pakistan, key principles for democratic elections should be respected. ...]]> </description>
<link>http://www.democracy-reporting.org/publications/country-reports/pakistan/esg-key-principles.html</link>
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